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With research staff from more than 60 countries, and offices across the globe, IFPRI provides research-based policy solutions to sustainably reduce poverty and end hunger and malnutrition in developing countries.

researcher spotlight

Carlo Azzarri

Carlo Azzarri is a Senior Research Fellow in the Innovation Policy and Scaling Unit. His work focuses on the relationships among poverty, nutrition, food security, agriculture, the environment, production, and migration—analyzed at both micro and macroeconomic levels, primarily using quantitative methods.

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Since 1975, IFPRI’s research has been informing policies and development programs to improve food security, nutrition, and livelihoods around the world.

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Where we work

IFPRI currently has more than 600 employees working in over 80 countries with a wide range of local, national, and international partners.

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experts

Director General’s Office (DGO)

Joseph Glauber

Research Fellow Emeritus

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Bio

Joe Glauber is a Research Fellow Emeritus in the Director General’s Office. His areas of interest are price volatility, global grain reserves, crop insurance, and trade.

Prior to joining IFPRI, Joe spent over 30 years at the U.S. Department of Agriculture, including as Chief Economist from 2008 to 2014. As Chief Economist, he was responsible for the Department’s agricultural forecasts and projections; oversaw climate, energy, and regulatory issues; and served as Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation. From 2007 to 2009, Joe was the Special Doha Agricultural Envoy at the office of the U.S. Trade Representative where he served as Chief Agricultural Negotiator in the Doha talks. He served as economic adviser at the “Blair House agreements,” leading to the completion of the Uruguay Round negotiations.

Joe is the author of numerous studies on crop insurance, disaster policy, and US farm policy. In 2012, he was elected Fellow of the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association. He received his PhD in Agricultural Economics from the University of Wisconsin and holds an bachelor’s degree in Anthropology from the University of Chicago.

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Publications

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Journal Article

Global shocks to fertilizer markets: Impacts on prices, demand and farm profitability

2025Vos, Rob; Glauber, Joseph W.; Hebebrand, Charlotte; Rice, Brendan
Details

Global shocks to fertilizer markets: Impacts on prices, demand and farm profitability

During 2021–2022, spiking fertilizer prices raised fears that fertilizer application would drop around the world, leading to lower crop production, higher food prices, and greater food insecurity. Even writing mid-2024, a paucity of data impedes a full assessment of how the underlying global market shocks may have affected farmers and food production around the world. Using proxy indicators for fertilizer demand and farm profitability, we find that despite the steep increase in input costs, global demand for fertilizer fell only modestly during the 2022–2023 crop cycle, suggesting many (commercial) farmers were able and willing to absorb increased input costs in the context of generally good harvest prospects and, at the time, high crop prices. However, we also find the fertilizer price spikes have not been felt equally, with many farmers in Africa estimated to have been affected more adversely, even though with varied impacts also amongst those farmers.

Year published

2025

Authors

Vos, Rob; Glauber, Joseph W.; Hebebrand, Charlotte; Rice, Brendan

Citation

Vos, Rob; Glauber, Joseph W.; Hebebrand, Charlotte; and Rice, Brendan. 2025. Global shocks to fertilizer markets: Impacts on prices, demand and farm profitability. Food Policy 133(May 2025): 102790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2024.102790

Keywords

Shock; Fertilizers; Markets; Prices; Profitability; Global Value Chains; Supply Chain Disruptions

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-NC-ND-4.0

Links

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2024.102790 Source record

Project

Rethinking Food Markets

Record type

Journal Article

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Report

Trepidation day: Reciprocal tariffs and the vulnerability of US agriculture

2025Glauber, Joseph W.
Details

Trepidation day: Reciprocal tariffs and the vulnerability of US agriculture

Year published

2025

Authors

Glauber, Joseph W.

Citation

Glauber, Joseph W. 2025. Trepidation day: Reciprocal tariffs and the vulnerability of US agriculture. Report. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute. https://www.aei.org/research-products/report/trepidation-day-reciprocal-tariffs-and-the-vulnerability-of-us-agriculture/

Country/Region

United States; China

Keywords

Americas; Asia; Tariffs; Agriculture; Imports; Trade

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Project

National Policies and Strategies

Record type

Report

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Infographic

Does Ukraine need a new Black Sea Grain Initiative?

2025Dodd, Emma; Glauber, Joseph W.; Welsh, Caitlin
Details

Does Ukraine need a new Black Sea Grain Initiative?

Nascent agreements over safety of navigation on the Black Sea indicate Russia’s desire to restart the Black Sea Grain Initiative, but Ukraine has already secured—and increased—its agricultural exports without Russia’s cooperation.

Year published

2025

Authors

Dodd, Emma; Glauber, Joseph W.; Welsh, Caitlin

Citation

Dodd, Emma; Glauber, Joseph; and Welsh, Caitlin. 2025. Does Ukraine need a new Black Sea Grain Initiative? Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/does-ukraine-need-new-black-sea-grain-initiative

Country/Region

Ukraine

Keywords

Eastern Europe; Europe; Agricultural Products; Exports; Foreign Trade; Grain

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Project

Rethinking Food Markets

Record type

Infographic

Events

Ending Hunger and Malnutrition: Keeping Our Eyes on the Road
IFPRI Policy Seminar

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April 22, 2025, 9:30 – 12:00 pm

Ending Hunger and Malnutrition: Keeping Our Eyes on the Road

While global agricultural commodity prices have come down from the high levels seen in recent years, the world remains far off track in meeting the SDG2 of ending hunger and malnutrition by 2030. Last year, close to 300 million people faced food crisis while the number of people on the cusp of famine doubled. Efforts […]

Biofuels and the Global Vegetable Oil Market
IFPRI Policy Seminar

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March 4, 2025, 9:30 – 11:00 am

Biofuels and the Global Vegetable Oil Market

Production of biodiesel fuel in Brazil, the European Union, Indonesia, and the United States has grown by nearly 40 percent over the past five years, driven largely by subsidies and government mandates. Government regulations aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions have also boosted demand for vegetable oils and created new markets for used cooking oils […]

Trade disruptions and their impacts on agricultural markets: Looking back and ahead
IFPRI Policy Seminar

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January 13, 2025, 9:30 – 11:00 am

Trade disruptions and their impacts on agricultural markets: Looking back and ahead

Global agricultural markets have been in a constant state of uproar over the past 5 years. Trade wars between major trading nations such as China, US and Australia, supply chain disruptions due to the pandemic, Russia’s war in Ukraine, crisis in the Middle East and export restrictions have diverted supplies, altered trading patterns, increased price volatility […]

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News

January 06, 2025 | In the News

Global Food Costs in 2025: Interview with Joseph Glauber (CGTN America)

In a video interview with CGTN America, Joseph Glauber, Research Fellow Emeritus at IFPRI, explains the dynamics of global food prices. He emphasizes that the FAO Food Price Index measures commodity prices (e.g., grains, meat, vegetable oils) rather than retail food prices. Although commodity prices have generally decreased since their 2022 peaks, retail prices remain high […]

January 25, 2024 | In the News

The timing of the Red Sea attacks could not be worse for Democrats (Politico)

Senior research fellow Joseph Glauber is quoted in a Politico story about how the growing military conflict in a key trade corridor is threatening to unleash economic havoc on the global economy ahead of November. “If energy prices go up and remain high, you’d see food inflation persisting,” said Joe Glauber. He added that potential […]

January 18, 2024 | In the News

Red Sea attacks reverberate in food and ag trade (Successful Farming) 

Successful Farming quotes the IFPRI blog post on the Impacts of Red Sea shipping disruptions on global food security by senior research fellow Joseph Glauber and senior research analyst Abdullah Mamun.  According to the article, Houthi attacks on cargo ships in the Red Sea are disrupting grain shipments from Europe, Ukraine, and Russia. “Trade disruptions are most likely to impact […]

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